Bi-lognormal Distribution of Sunspot Group Areas

We use daily observations from the Royal Greenwich Observatory and Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station of Pulkovo Observatory to study the distribution properties of sunspot areas. To mitigate the poor statistics in the distribution of small areas, we introduce a precision randomization approach based on the assumption that all measured areas have a random component within the measurement uncertainty of 1 millionth of the solar hemisphere (M.S.H.). We confirm the presence of two distinct components in the distribution of sunspots previously reported by several authors, and show that the area distribution is described by the sum of two lognormal distributions responsible for small and large groups (sunspots), respectively. We also demonstrate that the area of the main spots in the groups correlates well with the total area of the group, and, thus, the findings derived for the total group areas are equally applicable to the main spots of groups.

Automated summary

The study analyzed the distribution of sunspot areas based on observational data, introducing a precision randomization method to account for measurement uncertainties. It confirmed the presence of two distinct components in the distribution of sunspots and showed that the area distribution can be described by the sum of two lognormal distributions. Additionally, it demonstrated a correlation between the area of main spots and the total area of sunspot groups.