Extracellular vesicles in (3 cell biology: Role of lipids in vesicle biogenesis, cargo, and intercellular signaling

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder whose pathogenesis involves an intricate interplay between (3 cells of the pancreatic islet, other islet cells, and cells of the immune system. Direct intercellular communication within the islet occurs via cell surface proteins and indirect intercellular communication has traditionally been seen as occurring via secreted proteins (e.g., endocrine hormones and cytokines). However, recent literature suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by (3 cells constitute an additional and biologically important mechanism for transmitting signals to within the islet. Scope of review: This review summarizes the general mechanisms of EV formation, with a particular focus on how lipids and lipid signaling pathways influence their formation and cargo. We review the implications of EV release from (3 cells for T1D pathogenesis, how EVs and their cargo might be leveraged as biomarkers of this process, and how EVs might be engineered as a therapeutic candidate to counter T1D outcomes. Major conclusions: Islet (3 cells have been viewed as initiators and propagators of the cellular circuit giving rise to autoimmunity in T1D. In this context, emerging literature suggests that EVs may represent a conduit for communication that holds more comprehensive messaging about the (3 cells from which they arise. As the field of EV biology advances, it opens the possibility that intervening with EV formation and cargo loading could be a novel disease-modifying approach in T1D. (c) 2022 The University of Chicago. Published by Elsevier GmbH. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Automated summary

Islet β cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) potentially serving as an important mechanism for cellular communication. Understanding the formation and cargo of EVs may offer new insights into T1D pathogenesis and potentially lead to novel therapeutic approaches. Future research in EV biology could provide opportunities for intervention in T1D.