Journal
TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES
Volume 25, Issue 2, Pages 64-70Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON
DOI: 10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01519-4
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Recent studies have consolidated the pivotal role of Smads as intracellular effecters of TGF-beta family members. Upon binding to their specific type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors, each family member activates a particular subset of Smad proteins. Activated, receptor-regulated Smads form hetero-oligomeric complexes with common-partner Smads that translocate into the nucleus, where they control the expression of target genes in a cell-type-specific manner. Smads appear to function not only as nuclear effecters for TGF-beta family members, but as signal integrators within an extensive intracellular network.
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