Journal
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
Volume 45, Issue 2, Pages 145-152Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/jac/45.2.145
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) have been used to examine chlorhexidine diacetate (CHA)-sensitive and -resistant isolates of Pseudomonas stutzeri and to determine the effects of CHA on the cells, Significant differences were observed in the structure, size and elemental composition of CHA-sensitive and -resistant cells, Treatment with CHA produced considerably greater changes in CHA-sensitive cells, with widespread peeling of the outer membrane, a substantial loss of cytoplasmic electron-dense material and extensive lysis, Cells from the resistant isolates showed no blebbing of the outer membrane and no structural damage. X-ray mapping confirmed the difference in CHA uptake between CHA-sensitive and CHA-resistant cells, It is proposed that changes in the outer membrane form a major mechanism of resistance to CHA in P. stutzeri.
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