Journal
BIOMECHANICS AND MODELING IN MECHANOBIOLOGY
Volume 14, Issue 2, Pages 195-215Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0607-3
Keywords
Skeletal muscle; Growth and remodeling; Adaptation; Lengthening; Thickening
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship
- Stanford Graduate Engineering Fellowship
- National Institutes of Health [R24 HD065690, U54 GM072970, U01 HL119578]
- National Science Foundation CAREER award [CMMI 0952021]
- INSPIRE [1233054]
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn [1233054] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn [0952021] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Skeletal muscle undergoes continuous turnover to adapt to changes in its mechanical environment. Overload increases muscle mass, whereas underload decreases muscle mass. These changes are correlated with, and enabled by, structural alterations across the molecular, subcellular, cellular, tissue, and organ scales. Despite extensive research on muscle adaptation at the individual scales, the interaction of the underlying mechanisms across the scales remains poorly understood. Here, we present a thorough review and a broad classification of multiscale muscle adaptation in response to a variety of mechanical stimuli. From this classification, we suggest that a mathematical model for skeletal muscle adaptation should include the four major stimuli, overstretch, understretch, overload, and underload, and the five key players in skeletal muscle adaptation, myosin heavy chain isoform, serial sarcomere number, parallel sarcomere number, pennation angle, and extracellular matrix composition. Including this information in multiscale computational models of muscle will shape our understanding of the interacting mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation across the scales. Ultimately, this will allow us to rationalize the design of exercise and rehabilitation programs, and improve the long-term success of interventional treatment in musculoskeletal disease.
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