Cleavage preferences of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease) on naked DNA and chromatin substrates

Here we report the co-factor requirements for DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) endonuclease and characterize its cleavage sites on naked DNA and chromatin substrates. The endonuclease exhibits a pH optimum of 7.5, requires Mg2+, not Ca2+, and is inhibited by Zn2+. The enzyme generates blunt ends or ends with 1-base 5'-overhangs possessing 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl groups and is specific for double- and not single-stranded DNA or RNA. DFF endonuclease has a moderately greater sequence preference than micrococcal nuclease or DNase I, and the Bites attacked possess a dyed axis of symmetry with respect to purine and pyrimidine content. Using HeLa cell nuclei or chromatin reconstituted on a 5 S rRNA gene tandem array, we prove that the enzyme attacks chromatin in the internucleosomal linker, generating oligonucleosomal DNA ladders sharper than those created by micrococcal nuclease. Histone H1, high mobility group-1, and topoisomerase II activate DFF endonuclease activity on naked DNA substrates but much less so on chromatin substrates. We conclude that DFF is a useful reagent for chromatin research.