Role of chitosan co-formulation in enhancing interleukin-12 delivery and antitumor activity

Local delivery systems that provide sustained, high concentrations of antitumor cytokines in the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic dissemination are needed to realize the potential of cytokine-based immunotherapies. Recently, co-formulations of cytokines with chitosan solutions have been shown to increase local cytokine retention and bioactivity. In particular, intratumoral (i.t.) injections of chitosan/IL-12 can eliminate established tumors and generate tumor-specific immune responses. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms by which chitosan potentiated IL-12's antitumor activity. The location of chitosan/IL-12 injection was found to be critical for optimal cytokine delivery. I.t. injections eliminated 9 of 10 MC38 adenocarcinomas while contralateral and peritumoral injections delayed tumor growth but could not eliminate tumors. Microdosing studies demonstrated that IL-12 depots, simulated through daily i.t. injections with IL-12 alone, were not as effective as weekly i.t. chitosan/IL-12. 50-75% of mice receiving daily IL-12 microdoses and 87.5% of mice receiving weekly chitosan/IL-12 were cured of MC38 tumors. Chitosan was found to increase IL-12-mediated leukocytic expansion in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) by 40 and 100%, respectively. Immunophenotyping studies demonstrated that chitosan co-formulation amplified IL-12-induced increases in important effector populations, such as CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) and NKT cells, in tumors and dendritic cell populations in TDLNs. Remarkable increases in Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) tumor infiltrates were also observed in mice receiving chitosan or chitosan/IL-12. This population does not appear be suppressive and may facilitate the local antitumor response. Presented data suggest that chitosan-mediated depot formation and enhanced local cytokine retention is significantly, but not entirely, responsible for increased cytokine bioactivity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.