Journal
BIOMATERIALS
Volume 32, Issue 16, Pages 3949-3957Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.018
Keywords
Collagen; Scaffold; Micropatterning; Photolithography; Cell adhesion; Surface modification
Funding
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Dept.
- Institute for Genomic Biology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- NIH NIGMS [T32GM070421]
- Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust
- Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-07ER46453, DE-FG02-07ER46471]
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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex organization of structural proteins found within tissues and organs. Heterogeneous tissues with spatially and temporally modulated properties play an important role in organism physiology. Here we present a benzophenone (BP) based direct, photolithographic approach to spatially pattern solution phase biomolecules within collagen-GAG (CG) scaffolds and demonstrate creation of a wide range of patterns composed of multiple biomolecular species in a manner independent from scaffold fabrication steps. We demonstrate the ability to immobilize biomolecules at surface densities of up to 1000 ligands per square micron on the scaffold strut surface and to depths limited by the penetration depth of the excitation source into the scaffold structure. Importantly, while BP photopatterning does further crosslink the CG scaffold, evidenced by increased mechanical properties and collagen crystallinity, it does not affect scaffold microstructural or compositional properties or negatively influence cell adhesion, viability, or proliferation. We show that covalently photoimmobilized fibronectin within a CG scaffold significantly increases the speed of MC3T3-E1 cell attachment relative to the bare CG scaffold or non-specifically adsorbed fibronectin, suggesting that this approach can be used to improve scaffold bioactivity. Our findings, on the whole, establish the use of direct, BP photolithography as a methodology for covalently incorporating activity-improving biochemical cues within 3D collagen biomaterial scaffolds with spatial control over biomolecular deposition. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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