Enhancement of the photostability and retention time of indocyanine green in sentinel lymph node mapping by anionic polyelectrolytes

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy techniques have been widely used in the diagnosis of cancer metastasis because lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic signs. Indocyanine green (ICG) has potential application as a molecular imaging probe for SLN mapping due to its fluorescent properties emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region, where light transmission through biological tissue is maximized. However, its low photostability in an aqueous solution at the physiological temperature and its rapid diffusion behavior through SLN into the second lymph node have limited its wide use in real clinical fields. In this study, we developed a new NIR imaging contrast system consisting of ICG and poly (gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA) polymers for efficient sentinel lymph node mapping. By a combination of clinically used ICG and the biocompatible anionic polyelectrolyte, gamma-PGA, the photostabilities of aqueous ICG solutions at room and body temperatures were drastically enhanced. When the ICG/gamma-PGA complex was injected subcutaneously into the front paw of a mouse, it entered the lymphatics and migrated to the axillary sentinel lymph node (SLN) within 2 min. Furthermore, the NIR fluorescent signal intensity and retention time of ICG/gamma-PGA complex in lymph node were superior to those of ICG only. In addition, a histofluorescentstudy of the SLN resected under NIR imaging revealed that ICG and gamma-PGA were co-localized in the lymph node.Taken together, the experimental results on the enhanced photostability and retention time of the ICG/gamma-PGA complex provide strong evidence that it has promising potential for improved sentinel lymph node mapping. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.