Journal
BIOMARKERS
Volume 16, Issue 7, Pages 537-552Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.3109/1354750X.2011.598564
Keywords
Etiology; gastrointestinal factors; immune dysregulation; heavy metal toxicity; neurotransmitters; oxidative stress
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Context: Autism is a complex, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic component potentially impacted by various environmental factors influencing susceptibility. There are no reliable laboratory tests available to confirm an autism diagnosis. Objective: To examine the published literature and identify putative urinary biomarkers of autism. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases. Results: Putative autism biomarkers were identified that could be categorized according to the key theories that exist regarding the etiology of autism: gastrointestinal factors, immune dysregulation, heavy metal toxicity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and oxidative stress. Conclusion: There is scope for specific urinary biomarkers to be useful for identification of autistic metabolic phenotypes.
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