Journal
CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL
Volume 11, Issue 5, Pages 459-466Publisher
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008914108739
Keywords
calcium; colon cancer; effect modification; vitamin D
Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA48998] Funding Source: Medline
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Objective: Epidemiologic studies on calcium, vitamin D and colon cancer are inconsistent, whereas experimental studies more regularly show a protective effect. To evaluate potential sources of inconsistencies, data from a large case-control study were analyzed, stratifying on potential effect modifiers. Methods: Data were collected by certified interviewers in Northern California, Utah and Minnesota. Analyses included 1993 incident colon cancer cases and 2410 population-based controls. Multivariate logistic regression models included age, sex, BMI, family history, physical activity, intake of energy, dietary fiber, aspirin and NSAIDs. Results: Dietary calcium was inversely associated with colon cancer risk in men (OR highest vs lowest quintile = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5-0.9) and women (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4-0.9). No statistically significant associations were observed for dietary vitamin D or sunshine exposure. Consumption of total low-fat dairy products was associated with a statistically significantly decreased risk in men and women (ORs highest vs lowest category of intake = 0.8 and 0.7 respectively). Calcium supplement use was inversely associated with risk in both sexes (ORs use vs non-use = 0.8). Vitamin D supplements were inversely associated with risk in men (OR = 0.5) and women(OR = 0.6) but confidence limits included 1.0. Conclusions: These data provide additional support of an inverse association between high levels of calcium intake and colon cancer risk.
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