Stream temperature dynamics in upland agricultural watersheds

A numerical model to compute the free-surface Now hydrodynamics and stream temperature dynamics by solving the depth-averaged, 1D unsteady flow and heat transport equations is presented. The hydrodynamics model considers the effects of arbitrary stream geometry, variable slopes, variable Now regimes, and unsteady boundary conditions. The thermal transport model accounts fur the effects of solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind speed, heat conduction between water and streamed, subsurface flow, and shading by riparian vegetation. The model is verified with measurements in a stream in an upland agricultural watershed located in Indiana. Diurnal variations in the streamflow and stream temperatures are highly transient. The proposed model predicted well the streamflow and stream temperatures that were measured every 15 min over 25 days. The results of this study demonstrate that the salar (shortwave) radiation and subsurface inflow are the most significant contributors to the stream heat budget.