FK506, an immunosuppressant targeting calcineurin function

The macrolactam natural product, FK506 (Tacrolimus), acts as a powerful and clinically useful immnosuppressant through disruption of signaling events mediated by the calcium-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase, calcineurin (CaN), in T lymphocytes. Its mechanism of action involves the formation of a molecular complex with the intracellular FK506-binding protein-12 (FKBP12), thereby acquiring the ability to interact with CaN and to interfere with its access to and dephosphorylation of various substrates. Among the CaN substrates whose activity is altered by FK506, the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT), a family of transcription factors regulating lymphokine gene expression, have been shown to play a prominent role in FK566-induced immunosuppression. Over the past few years, additional members of the FKBP and NFAT families of proteins have been identified, providing further insights into the complexity of FK506 biological effects. Furthermore, it has become clear that, predominantly as a result of CaN inhibition, FK506 alters multiple biochemical processes in a variety of cells besides lymphocytes. This may account for the adverse side effects of the drug, including neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Extensive medicinal chemistry efforts have been devoted to the generation of analogs of FK506 with the hope of identifying compounds with an improved therapeutic index, that could have broader therapeutic utility than the parent drug. These efforts yielded several compounds with unique biochemical attributes, showing evidence for a dissociation between immunosuppressive and toxic properties, which may pave the way towards designing safer FK506-related immunosuppressants.