Malted sorghum as a functional ingredient in composite bread

To alleviate the adverse effects (grittiness and high crumb firmness) caused by the inclusion of sorghum flour in composite breads. sorghum grain was malted with the aim of decreasing the gelatinization temperature and increasing the water-holding capacity of sorghum flour. Four different heat treatments were investigated: drying the malt at high temperatures (50-150 degrees C), stewing, steaming, and boiling before drying the malt at 80 degrees C. Malting decreased the pasting temperature of sorghum to values approaching those of wheat flour, but the paste viscosity was very low. Increasing the malt drying temperature inactivated the amylases but gave malts of darker color and bitter taste. Stewing, steaming, and boiling the malt before drying almost completely inactivated the amylases and increased the enzyme-susceptible starch content and the paste viscosity of malt flours. Bread made with boiled malt flour (30%) had an improved crumb structure, crumb softness, water-holding capacity, and resistance to staling, as well as a fine malt flavor compared with the bread made with grain sorghum flour (30%). Consumers preferred the malted sorghum bread over the bread made with plain sorghum flour.