Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 72, Issue 1, Pages 19-24Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.031
Keywords
Anxiety disorders; estrogen; fear extinction; fear-potentiated startle; PTSD; trauma
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Funding
- National Institute of Mental Health [MH071537, MH070129]
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Atlanta Clinical Translational Science Institute
- National Institutes of Health National Centers for Research Resources [M01 RR00039]
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Institutional Research and Academic Career Development Awards [K12-GM000680]
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Department of Defense/Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program [W81XWH-08-2-0170]
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Background: Women are twice as likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than men. As shown in our previous work, the inability to suppress fear responses in safe conditions may be a biomarker for PTSD. Low estrogen in naturally cycling women is associated with deficits in fear extinction. On the basis of these findings, we have now examined the influence of estrogen levels on fear extinction in women with and without PTSD. Methods: We measured fear-potentiated startle during fear conditioning and extinction in women. The study sample (N = 81) was recruited from an urban, highly traumatized civilian population at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. We assayed serum estrogen levels and used a median split to divide the sample into high and low estradiol (E-2) groups. Seventeen of 41 women (41.5%) in the low E-2 group and 15 of 40 women (37.5%) met criteria for PTSD in the high E-2 group. Results: The results showed that all groups had equivalent levels of fear conditioning. However, we found significant interaction effects between high versus low E-2 groups and PTSD diagnosis [F(1,71) = 4.55, p < .05] on extinction. Among women with low estrogen levels, fear-potentiated startle was higher during extinction in the PTSD group compared with traumatized controlwomen[F(1,38) = 5.04, p < .05]. This effect was absent in the High E-2 group. Conclusion: This study suggests that low estrogen may be a vulnerability factor for development of PTSD in women with trauma histories. Research on the role of estrogen in fear regulation may provide insight into novel treatment strategies for PTSD.
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