Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 69, Issue 12, Pages 1178-1184Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.037
Keywords
ADHD; cognition; neurobiology; neuroimaging; subtypes
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Funding
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research [91.776.384]
- Unilever Research and Development
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has long been conceptualized as a neurobiological disorder of the prefrontal cortex and its connections. Circuits with the prefrontal cortex relevant to ADHD include dorsal frontostriatal, orbitofronto-striatal, and fronto-cerebellar circuits. Dorsal frontostriatal circuitry has been linked to cognitive control, whereas orbitofronto-striatal loops have been related to reward processing. Fronto-cerebellar circuits have been implicated in timing. Neurobiological dysfunction in any of these circuits could lead to symptoms of ADHD, as behavioral control could be disturbed by: 1) deficits in the prefrontal cortex itself; or 2) problems in the circuits relaying information to the prefrontal cortex, leading to reduced signaling for control. This article suggests a model for differentiating between interlinked reciprocal circuits with the prefrontal cortex in ADHD. If such a differentiation can be achieved, it might permit a neurobiological subtyping of ADHD, perhaps by defining dorsal fronto-striatal, orbitofronto-striatal, or fronto-cerebellar subtypes of ADHD. This could be useful as a template for investigating the neurobiology of ADHD and, ultimately, clinically.
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