Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 67, Issue 11, Pages 1040-1047Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.026
Keywords
CLOCK; sleep duration; clock genes; MCTQ; short sleepers; long sleepers
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Funding
- FP6 program EUCLOCK
- Dutch Science Foundation (the NWO)
- Hersenen Stichting
- Rosalind Franklin Fellowships of the University
- Estonian Government [SF0180142]
- European Union
- 7 FP Project ECOGENE
- OPENGENE
- Ministry of Health and Department of Educational Assistance and Research of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano
- South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation
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Background: Sleep is an active and complex behavior, yet it has two straightforward properties-timing and duration. Clock genes are associated with dysfunctional timing of sleep, mood, and obesity disorders, which are commonly associated with sleep duration. Methods: Sleep duration was assessed in Central Europe, Estonia, and South Tyrol (n approximate to 77,000) with the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire. It showed a Gaussian distribution in all investigated populations after averaging over a standard workweek and normalization according to age and gender. A follow-up, two-stage design, linkage disequilibrium-based association study was conducted with subjects from South Tyrol (discovery sample; n = 283) and with short (< 7 hours) and long (> 8.5 hours) sleepers from Estonia (confirmation sample; n = 1011). One hundred ninety-four single nucleotide polymorphism markers covering 19 candidate clock genes were genotyped in the discovery sample, and two of the best association signals (analyzed by a linear regression model) were investigated in the confirmation sample. Results: Single and multi-marker associations were found within a CLOCK gene intronic region (rs12649507 and rs11932595). In a meta-analysis between South Tyrol and Estonia association signals, rs12649507 (p = .0087) remained significant. Significance persisted only for the multiple-marker association signal of the rs12649507/rs11932595 haplotype GGAA with long sleep (p = .0015). Conclusions: We report an association between variants of the human CLOCK gene and sleep duration in two independent populations. This adds another putative function for CLOCK besides its possible involvement in circadian timing, depression, obesity, and personality.
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