Genes controlling affiliative behavior as candidate genes for autism

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders of complex etiology, with a recognized substantial contribution of heterogeneous genetic factors; one of the core features of ASD is a lack of affiliative behaviors. Methods: On the basis of the existing literature, in this study we examined the hypothesis of allelic associations between genetic variants in six genes involved in control of maternal and affiliative behaviors (OX; OXTR, PRL, PRLR, D beta H, and FOSB). One hundred and seventy-seven probands with ASID from 151 families (n = 527) were assessed with a set of related instruments capturing multiplefacets of ASID. Multivariate and univariate phenotypes were constructed from these assessments and subjected to genetic linkage and association analyses with PBAT and FBAT software. Results: The resulting pattern of findings, in general, confirmed the hypotheses of the significance of the genes involved in the development of affiliative behaviors in the manifestation of ASID (p values ranging from .000005 to .05); statistically speaking, the strongest results were obtained for allelic associations with the PRL, PRLR, and OXTR genes. Conclusions: These preliminary data provide additional support for the hypothesis that the allelic variants of genes necessary for the development of species-typical affiliative behaviors are associated with ASID. Independent replication of these findings is needed and studies of other genes associated with affiliative behaviors are indicated.