Temporal changes of cytokines and nitric oxide products in urine from renal transplant patients

Background Acute rejection and urinary tract infection (UTI) both increase nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in urine from renal transplant patients. Also, with rejection, a regulatory interplay between nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines has been suggested. Thus, measurement of the temporal changes of NOS products and cytokines in urine will provide a strategy for the diagnosis of acute rejection and for its differentiation from UTI. Methods. Soluble interleukins (ILs) and NOS-related products. cyclic GMP (cGMP), nitrate, and nitrite were measured in 192 urine samples consecutively collected from 13 patients within the first three months of transplantation. Sixty-seven additional urine specimens were collected randomly from 24 patients for follow-up analysis of the nitrate test. Results. Among patients who experienced rejection, the percentage (%) binding of IL-2 increased within the first five days (P = 0.0004) after transplantation and one to five days prior to the clinical diagnosis (dx) of rejection (P = 0.02). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 increased at the time of rejection dr (P less than or equal to 0.01). With UTI, IL-2 (P = 0.01) decreased one to five days prior to dr, and IL-10 (P = 0.003) increased one to five days after dr. Although cGMP and nitrate are dependent variables. cGMP increased (P less than or equal to 0.0009) with both rejection and UTI, and nitrate increased (P = 0.0001) with rejection and decreased (P = 0.0001) with UTI. Prior to formal dr (1 to 5 days), urine nitrate clearly differentiated rejection (3004 to 7451 mu mol/L) from UTI (90 to 885 mu mol/L) and controls (1059 to 3235 mu mol/L). The additional 67 urines demonstrated that the sensitivity of the nitrate test for rejection and UTI was 100%. Conclusions. In renal transplant patients, specific temporal changes in urine cytokine levels do occur with acute rejection and UTI, but urine nitrate levels are the most precise at differentiating rejection from UTI.