Effects of the invasive plant Mikania micrantha HBK on soil nitrogen availability through allelopathy in South China

Allelopathy has been regarded as a mechanism for successful exotic plant invasion. However, it is not clear if and what effects of allelopathic substances may exert on soil nutrient. The exotic plant Mikania micrantha H.B.K. (M. micrantha) has invaded many forests in south China, and recent studies have suggested it has allelopathic potential for other plants and soil microbial community. Thus, we hypothesized that M. micrantha could influence soil nutrients and N transformation through allelopathy. We measured total C and N, NO3 (-), NH4 (+) and pH of the soil beneath M. micrantha and the adjacent open soil, and then measured the above soil properties after treating soil with 3 concentrations of aqueous extracts of M. micrantha (T-1: 0.005 g ml(-1); T-2: 0.025 g ml(-1); T-3: 0.100 g ml(-1)). In addition, a bioassay was conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of the soil beneath M. micrantha. The results showed that M. micrantha significantly affected soil nutrients and N transformation. Soil beneath M. micrantha had inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of test plant, and had significantly higher C, N, ammonia, net nitrification rate than those of open soil. The plant extracts decreased soil pH, and T-1 decreased it the most, and it increased soil C and N, and T-1 represented the greatest increase in both C and N. The extracts also increased both NO3 (-) and NH4 (+) in soil, whereas no significant difference existed among the 3 extract treatments. Compared to the water control, the soil net mineralization rate was higher under T-1, while lower under T-2 and T-3. However, the extracts increased the soil nitrification rates under all the treatments (T-1, T-2 and T-3). Our results suggest that the water soluble allelochemicals of M. micrantha improve soil nutrient availability, through which the invasive plant M. micrantha may successfully invade and establish in new habitats.