Journal
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
Volume 144, Issue 12, Pages 2991-2999Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.002
Keywords
Mitigation hierarchy; Biodiversity offsets; Ecological compensation; Ecological equivalence; Compensation ratio; Habitat equivalency analysis; German Eingriffsregelung; Environmental impact assessment
Funding
- Mission Biodiversite of the Caisse des Depots et Consignations
- Cluster Recherche Rhone Alpes
- PIR IngECOTech Ingenierie et equivalence
- Conseil General de l'Isere
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Habitat loss through development is one of the major causes of biodiversity loss. The increasingly common legal requirement to first avoid, then reduce and, if necessary, offset impacts of plans and projects on biodiversity has however not always been appropriately enforced. The blame lies mainly in bad governance such as patchy monitoring or poorly defined liabilities. Biodiversity offsets also suffer from the lack of formal methods for designing and sizing offset requirements. We address this gap by reviewing different tools, methods and guidelines that have been developed in different regulatory contexts. We then formulate a typology of approaches that variously combine these methods and guidelines. We discuss how these relate to the objectives of offset policies and the components of biodiversity and ecosystems to which they apply. Together, these perspectives should contribute to improving existing methods (e.g. by incorporating time-related issues) and our typology should support the development of offset policies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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