Clinical and neurohormonal correlates of circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in severe heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

In this report, we showed for the first time that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plasma levels are elevated in patients with severe heart failure, and these levels are correlated well with the neurohormonal activation and hemodynamic deterioration characterizing this syndrome.