Captive breeding genetics and reintroduction success

Since threatened species are generally incapable of surviving in their current, altered natural environments, many conservation programs require to preserve them through ex situ conservation techniques prior to their reintroduction into the wild. Captive breeding provides species with a benign and stable environment but has the side effect to induce significant evolutionary changes in ways that compromise fitness in natural environments. I developed a model integrating both demographic and genetic processes to simulate a captive-wild population system. The model was used to examine the effect of the relaxation of selection in captivity on the viability of the reintroduced population, in interaction with the reintroduction method and various species characteristics. Results indicate that the duration of the reintroduction project (i.e., time from the foundation of the captive population to the last release event) is the most important determinant of reintroduction success. Success is generally maximized for intermediate project duration allowing to release a sufficient number of individuals, while maintaining the number of generations of relaxed selection to an acceptable level. In cases where a long residence time in captivity cannot be avoided, the use of distinct, genetically independent captive breeding units allows more efficient purging of the genetic load in the reintroduced population, and substantially improves its viability. Overall, the study allows to identify situations in which the genetic cost associated with selection relaxation may overwhelm the demographic benefits of programs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.