Journal
ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Volume 26, Issue 8, Pages 1213-1235Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-5629(00)00287-8
Keywords
ultrasound; cross beam; vector Doppler; angle-independent; velocity
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Combining Doppler measurements taken along multiple intersecting ultrasound (US) beams is one approach to obtaining angle-independent velocity. Over 30 laboratories and companies have developed such cross-beam systems since the 1970s. Early designs focused on multiple single-element probes. In the late 1980s, combining multiple color Doppler images acquired from linear-array transducers became a popular modality. This was further expanded to include beam steering and the use of subapertures. Often, with each change in design, came a new twist to calculating the velocity. This article presents a review of most proposed cross-beam systems published to date. The emphasis is on the basic design, the approach used to determine the angle-independent velocity, the advantages of the design, and the disadvantages of the design. From this, requirements needed to convert the idea of angle-independent vector Doppler into a commercial system are suggested. (C) 2000 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
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