Metabolism of Ginsenoside Rb1 by Human Intestinal Microflora and Cloning of Its Metabolizing β-D-Glucosidase from Bifidobacterium longum H-1

To understand the role of intestinal microflora in expressing the pharmacological effect of ginsenoside Rb1, the metabolic activity of ginsenoside Rb1 by 148 fecal specimens was measured and its metabolizing beta-glucosidase was cloned. The average activities for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyrancoside and ginsenoside Rb1 were 0.097 +/- 0.059 mu mol/min/mg and 0.311 +/- 0.118 pmol/min/mg, respectively. These enzyme activities were not different between male and female, or between ages. A gene encoding beta-D-glucosidase (BglX) was cloned from Bilidobacterium longum H-1, which transformed ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K. The probe for cloning was synthesized from the genes encoding a beta-D-glucosidase of previously reported B. longum DJO10A. The sequences of the cloned gene revealed 2364 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein containing 787 amino acids (molecular weight of 95 kDa). The gene exhibited 99% homology (identities) to that of B. longum. The cloned gene was expressed under T7 promoter of the expression vector, pET-39b(+), in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the expressed enzyme was purified by using HiTrap immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) HP. The enzyme potently biotransformed ginsenoside Rb1, loganin, arctiin and arbutin to ginsenoside Rd, loganetin, arctigenin and hydroquinone, respectively, but was not active in the case of hesperidin, and kakkalide. This is the first report on cloning and expression of beta-D-glucosidase from B. longum. Based on these findings, ginsenoside Rb1 may be metabolized to bioactive compound(s) by exo-beta-D-glucosidase(s) produced from the intestinal bacteria and its pharmacological effects may be dependent on intestinal bacterial exo-beta-D-glucosidase(s) activity.