Role of auxins, polyamines and ethylene in root formation and growth in sweet orange

The primary objective of this work was to investigate the role of polyamines (PAs) on root formation and growth in two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.) cultivars Pineapple and Pera. Adventitious shoots (30-d-old) derived from epicotyl explants were transferred to root induction medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts at different strengths and supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of auxins. Root formation and development decreased in both sweet orange cultivars concomitant with the reduction of medium strength. The alpha-naphtaleneacetic acid was important during the root differentiation phase, but its combination with indole-3-butyric acid was essential for root elongation. The addition of PAs significantly improved root formation and/or growth, depending on their concentration, whereas the presence of inhibitor of PAs biosynthesis alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) inhibited these processes. The rooting impairment caused by DFMO was partially reversed by the supplementation of putrescine. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine AVG and AgNO3 also inhibited in vitro rooting in both sweet orange cultivars, indicating that ethylene was likewise important for rhizogenesis in sweet orange.