Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a nitrogen source to the Ria Formosa studied with seepage meters

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) has been frequently ignored as a nutrient source to marine ecosystems because it is difficult to identify and quantify. However, recent studies show its ubiquity and ecological importance to the coastal zone, particularly when associated with contaminated continental aquifers. The Ria Formosa is a coastal lagoon located in the south of Portugal and surrounded by an intensely farmed area. Following a 12-month field study using seepage meters, we identified groundwater discharge in the intertidal zone of the lagoon. The seeping fluid was a mixture of two water types: one with low salinity and high nitrate concentration and another similar to local seawater. Based on the integration of monthly seepage rate measurements throughout the year, we estimate the mean discharge of submarine groundwater into the lagoon to be 3.6 m(3) day(-1) per linear meter of coastline with freshwater contributions (per volume) ranging from 10% to 50%. The results of this study suggest a continental origin for the freshwater component, thus linking the biogeochemical cycles in the lagoon to anthropogenic activities taking place in the neighboring coastal plain. We further identify SGD as an important nutrient source to the Ria Formosa, estimating annual loads of 36.2 mol (0.507 kg) of Nitrogen, 1.1 mol (0.034 kg) of Phosphorus and 18.6 mol (0.522 kg) of Silicon per meter of coastline. Based on these results, we suggest that SGD is a potential contributor to the observed nutrification status of the Ria Formosa lagoon.