Larval metamorphosis of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in response to neurotransmitter blockers and tetraethylammonium

The metamorphic response of pediveliger larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis to the neurotransmitter blockers chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, rauwolscine, idazoxan, atenolol and butoxamine, and to tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) was investigated through a series of bioassays. Chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and idazoxin inhibited larval metamorphosis induced by 10-4 M epinephrine. The concentration that inhibited metamorphosis by 50% (IC50) for chlorpromazine and amitriptyline was 1.6 x 10-6 M and 6.6 x 10-5 M, respectively. Idazoxan was less effective with an IC50 of 4.4 x 1013 M. Moreover, these three inhibitors showed no toxicity at any of the concentrations tested. The larval metamorphic response to K+ was not inhibited by 10-3 M tetraethylammonium chloride after 96h. Thus, the neurotransmitter blockers chlorpromazine and amitriptyline are inhibitors of larval metamorphosis, and will be useful tools for antifouling studies.