Tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin is required for H2O2-mediated injury of human endothelial cells

Injury of endothelial cells induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the development of early stages of vascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a common form of reaction oxygen species, triggers a series of intracellular events, including actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cytoplasm shrinkage, membrane blebbing and protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. The effect of H2O2 on endothelial cells is dramatically enhanced when a survival pathway involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase is blocked by PD098059. In contrast, the injury of endothelial cells mediated by H2O2, is inhibited by PP2, a selective specific inhibitor for protein-tyrosine kinase Src. Cortactin, a filamentous actin (F-actin)-associated protein, becomes phosphorylated at tyrosine residues upon stimulation by H2O2 in a manner dependent on the activity of Src. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin is correlated with the formation of membrane blebs, Overexpression of wild-type cortactin tagged with green fluorescent protein in endothelial cells via a retroviral vector substantiates the H2O2,-induced morphological changes, whereas overexpression of a green fluorescent protein-cortactin mutant deficient in tyrosine phosphorylation renders endothelial cells resistant to H2O2. The functional role of cortactin in H2O2-mediated shape changes was also evaluated in NIH 3T3 cells. Stable 3T3 transfectants expressing wild-type cortactin in the presence of either H2O2/ PD098059 or H2O2 alone at 200 muM exhibited a dramatic shape change characterized by rounding up or aggregation, However, the similar changes were not detected with cells overexpressing a cortactin mutant deficient in tyrosine phosphorylation. These data demonstrate an important role of the Src/cortactin-dependent actin reorganization in the injury of endothelial cells mediated by reactive oxygen species.