A Versatile and Tunable Coating Strategy Allows Control of Nanocrystal Delivery to Cell Types in the Liver

There are many liver diseases that could be treated with delivery of therapeutics such as DNA, proteins, or small molecules. Nanoparticles are often proposed as delivery vectors for such therapeutics; however, achieving nanoparticle accumulations in the therapeutically relevant hepatocytes is challenging. In order to address this issue, we have synthesized polymer coated, fluorescent iron oxide nanoparticles that bind and deliver DNA, as well as produce contrast for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composition of the coating can be varied in a facile manner to increase the quantity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) from 0% to 5%, 10%, or 25%, with the aim of reducing opsonization but maintaining DNA binding. We investigated the effect of the nanoparticle coating on DNA binding, cell uptake, cell transfection, and opsonization in vitro. Furthermore, we exploited MRI, fluorescence imaging, and TEM to investigate the distribution of the different formulations in the liver of mice. While MRI and fluorescence imaging showed that each formulation was heavily taken up in the liver at 24 h, the 10% PEG formulation was taken up by the therapeutically relevant hepatocytes more extensively than either the 0% PEG or the 5% PEG, indicating its potential for delivery of therapeutics to the liver.