Public health and clinical implications of high hemoglobin A1c levels and weight in younger adult native American people with diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue for Native American people. Because glycemic levels are predictive of diabetes outcome, understanding determinants of high hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels may provide targets for prevention efforts. Objectives: To investigate determinants of high HbA(1c) levels in Native American people. Methods: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional-study of 206 participants-with diabetes from 8 Native American communities in New Mexico. We used linear regression to assess the relationship of HbA(1c) level with age, body mass index (BMI), treatment type, duration of diabetes, physical activity, and diet. Results: Age, dietary pattern, and treatment type were determinants of HbA(1c) levels. Participants younger than 55 years had the highest adjusted HbA(1c) levels at 9.5% and those 65 rears and older had the lowest levels at 7.8%. According to a participant's dietary intake, HbA(1c) levels were highest for those who consumed the most fat and sugar, and high consumption of fat and sugar affected HbA(1c) levels most among those younger than 55 years. Participants treated with insulin had the highest hemoglobin A(1c) levels. Physical activity was not associated with HbA(1c) level. Conlusions: We found an increasing severity of diabetes among younger people. To avoid increased morbidity and mortality in the future, young Native American adults with diabetes need vigorous therapy to maintain tight glucose control.