Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 7, Issue 24, Pages 13440-13444Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02237
Keywords
perovskite solar cell; methylammonium lead iodide chloride; metallic lead; XPS; PLQE
Funding
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
- European Union Seventh Framework Program [FP7] of the MESO project [604032]
- Impuls- und Vernetzungsfonds of the Helmholtz Association [VH-NG-423]
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We have employed soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies to study the depth-dependent chemical composition of mixed-halide perovskite thin films used in high-performance solar cells. We detect substantial amounts of metallic lead in the perovskite films, which correlate with significant density of states above the valence band maximum. The metallic lead content is higher in the bulk of the perovskite films than at the surface. Using an optimized postanneal process in air, we can reduce the metallic lead content in the perovskite film. This process reduces the amount of metallic lead and a corresponding increase in the photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the perovskite films can be observed. This correlation indicates that metallic lead impurities are likely a key defect whose concentration can be controlled by simple annealing procedures in order to increase the performance for perovskite solar cells.
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