Honokiol: A non-adipogenic PPARγ agonist from nature

Background: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) agonists are clinically used to counteract hyperglycemia. However, so far experienced unwanted side effects, such as weight gain, promote the search for new PPAR gamma activators. Methods: We used a combination of in silico, in vitro, cell-based and in vivo models to identify and validate natural products as promising leads for partial novel PPAR gamma agonists. Results: The natural product honokiol from the traditional Chinese herbal drug Magnolia bark was in silico predicted to bind into the PPAR gamma ligand binding pocket as dimer. Honokiol indeed directly bound to purified PPAR gamma ligand-binding domain (LBD) and acted as partial agonist in a PPAR gamma-mediated luciferase reporter assay. Honokiol was then directly compared to the clinically used full agonist pioglitazone with regard to stimulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes as well as adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. While honokiol stimulated basal glucose uptake to a similar extent as pioglitazone, it did not induce adipogenesis in contrast to pioglitazone. In diabetic KKAy mice oral application of honokiol prevented hyperglycemia and suppressed weight gain. Conclusion: We identified honokiol as a partial non-adipogenic PPAR gamma agonist in vitro which prevented hyperglycemia and weight gain in vivo. General significance: This observed activity profile suggests honokiol as promising new pharmaceutical lead or dietary supplement to combat metabolic disease, and provides a molecular explanation for the use of Magnolia in traditional medicine. (c) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.