Evidence for ΔpH surface component (ΔpHS) of proton motive force in ATP synthesis of mitochondria

Background: One of the central debates in membrane bioenergetics is whether proton-dependent energy coupling mechanisms are mediated exclusively by protonic transmembrane electrochemical potentials, as delocalized pmf, Delta mu H+, or by more localized membrane surface proton pathways, as interfacial pmf, Delta mu H-S. Methods: We measure Delta pH(S) in rat liver mitoplasts energized by respiration or ATP hydrolysis by inserting pH sensitive fluorescein-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine(F-PE) into mitoplast surface. Results: In the presence of rotenone and Ap5A, succinate oxidation induces a bi-phasic interfacial protonation on the mitoplast membranes, a fast phase followed by a slow one, and an interfacial pH decrease of 0.5 to 0.9 pH units of mitoplast with no simultaneous pH changes in the bulk. Antimycin A, other inhibitors or uncouplers of mitochondrial respiration prevent the decrease of mitoplast Delta pH(S), supporting that Delta mu H-S is dependent and controlled by energization of mitoplast membranes. A quantitative assay of ATP synthesis coupled with Delta pH(S) of mitoplasts oxidizing succinate with malonate titration shows a parallel correlation between ATP synthesis, State 4 respiration and Delta pH(S), but not with Delta Psi(E). General Significance: Our data substantiate Delta pH(S) as the primary energy source of pmf for mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Evidence and discussion concerning the relative importance and interplay of Delta pH(S) and Delta Psi(E) in mitochondrial bioenergetics are also presented. (C) 2009 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.