Neurobehavioral symptoms in childhood closed-head injuries: Changes in prevalence and correlates during the first year postinjury

Objective: To examine changes in the prevalence and correlates of neurobehavioral symptoms during the first year following childhood closed-head injuries (CHIs). Methods: Participants included 31 children with severe CHIs, 38 with moderate CHIs, and 53 with orthopedic injuries (Ols). Children and their families were assessed shortly after injury and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Parents rated 15 symptoms classified as either cognitive/somatic (C/S) or emotional/behavioral (E/B). Results: Both kinds of symptoms were more common in the CHI groups than in the OI group. C/S symptoms declined in the CHI groups over time, whereas E/B symptoms became relatively more common. Measures of injury severity, children's premorbid behavioral adjustment, and concurrent cognitive functioning predicted C/S symptoms. E/B symptoms were predicted by injury severity, concurrent cognitive functioning soon after the injury, and concurrent parent and family functioning later in time. Both types of symptoms contributed to the prediction of perceived family burden, with the relationships strengthening over time. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the prevalence and correlates of,neurobehavioral symptoms in childhood CHIs vary as a function of symptom type and time since injury.