Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 42, Issue 8, Pages 965-974Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00172-7
Keywords
blackfly-larvicide; etofenprox; shrimps; fish; insects; non-target fauna; Onchocerciasis
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Within the rotational scheme developed by the Programme to fight the resistance of Simulium damnosum to chemical larvicides, there was an operational gap at discharges between 5 and 70 m(3) s(-1) for the treatment of rivers where resistance to organophosphates was present. The use of permethrin and carbosulfan was precluded because of risk of environmental impact and, Bacillus thuringiensis ser. H-14 treatments were not envisageable due to cost and logistics constraints. Among the possible complementary groups of larvicides tested, the pseudo-pyrethroids, held promise, because of a mode of action similar to that of pyrethroids, but along with a usually lower toxicity for fish. Etofenprox, one of the pseudo-pyrethroids tested, shows a global detachment of non-target insects in 24 h close to that of pyraclofos, an organo-phosphorus compound (27 against 23%). In laboratory conditions, six times the operational dose which is 0.03 mg l(-1) 10 min, is needed to cause 50% mortality of Caridina sp. (a small shrimps species) and 30 times this same dose for 95% mortality. For fish species, a safety margin of 400-800 times the operational dose is observed for Oreochromis niloticus and 200-400 times for Tilapia zillii. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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