Temperature-dependent development of Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) and its stage emergence models

Temperature-dependent development of Carposina sasakii Matsumura a was studied, and its stage emergence models were developed. The development times of C, sasakii decreased with increasing temperature up to 32 degreesC in eggs, up to 28 degreesC in larvae, anti up to 30 degreesC in pupae. The estimated low-threshold temperatures were 11.0. 9.4, and 10.3 degreesC for; eggs: larvae, and pupae, respectively. Thermal constants of eggs. larvae, and pupae were 104.2. 270.3, and 188.7 degree-days, respectively. The stage emergence models of C. sasakii, which simulate the proportion of individuals shifted from a stage to the next stage, were constructed using the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model and the two-parameter Weibull function. In field validation. a degree-day model for the prediction of egg hatch time showed the bias of <1 d between prediction and observation. The stage emergence models predicted the patterns of C, sasakii stage emergences in the field. Also, the established stage emergence models should be useful in building a C. sasakii population model that will describe its seasonal occurrence pattern and population dynamics under various orchard systems.