Participation of Glutamate-354 of the CP43 Polypeptide in the Ligation of Manganese and the Binding of Substrate Water in Photosystem II

In the current X-ray crystallographic structural models of photosystem II, Glu354 of the CP43 polypeptide is the only amino acid ligand of the oxygen-evolving Mn4Ca cluster that is not provided by the D1 polypeptide. To further explore the influence of this structurally unique residue on the properties of the Mn4Ca cluster, the CP43-E354Q mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was characterized with a variety of biophysical and spectroscopic methods, including polarography, EPR, X-ray absorption, FTIR, and mass spectrometry. The kinetics of oxygen release in the mutant were essentially unchanged from those in wild type. In addition, the oxygen flash yields exhibited normal period four oscillations having normal S state parameters, although the yields were lower, correlating with the mutant's lower steady-state rate (approximately 20% compared to wild type). Experiments conducted with (H2O)-O-18 showed that the fast and slow phases of substrate water exchange in CP43-E354Q thylakoid membranes were accelerated 8.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively, in the S-3 state compared to wild type. Purified oxygen-evolving CP43-E354Q PSII core complexes exhibited a slightly altered S-1 state Mn-EXAFS spectrum, a slightly altered S-2 state multiline EPR signal, a substantially altered S-2-minus-S-1 FTIR difference spectrum, and an unusually long lifetime for the S-2 state (> 10 h) in a substantial fraction of reaction centers. In contrast, the S-2 state Mn-EXAFS spectrum was nearly indistinguishable from that of wild type. The S-2-minus-S-1 FTIR difference spectrum showed alterations throughout the amide and carboxylate stretching regions. Global labeling with N-15 and specific labeling with L-[1-C-13]alanine revealed that the mutation perturbs both amide II and carboxylate stretching modes and shifts the symmetric carboxylate stretching modes of the alpha-COO- group of D1-Ala344 (the C-terminus of the D1 polypeptide) to higher frequencies by 3-4 cm(-1) in both the S-1 and S-2 states. The EPR and FTIR data implied that 76-82% of CP43-E354Q PSII centers can achieve the S-2 state and that most of these can achieve the S-3 state, but no evidence for advancement beyond the S-3 state was observed in the FTIR data, at least not in a majority of PSII centers. Although the X-ray absorption and EPR data showed that the CP43-E354Q mutation only subtly perturbs the structure and spin state of the Mn4Ca cluster in the S-2 state, the FTIR and (H2O)-O-18 exchange data show that the mutation strongly influences other properties of the Mn4Ca cluster, altering the response of numerous carboxylate and amide groups to the increased positive charge that develops on the cluster during the S-1 to S-2 transition and weakening the binding of both substrate water molecules (or water-derived ligands), especially the one that exchanges rapidly in the S-3 state. The FTIR data provide evidence that CP43-Glu354 coordinates to the Mn4Ca cluster in the S-1 state as a bridging ligand between two metal ions but provide no compelling evidence that this residue changes its coordination mode during the S-1 to S-2 transition. The (H2O)-O-18 exchange data provide evidence that CP43-Glu354 interacts with the Mn ion that ligats the substrate water molecule (or water-derived ligand) that is in rapid exchange in the S-3 state.