Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas: current structure and volume fluxes from moored current meters, VM-ADCP and SeaSoar-CTD observations, 1995-1999

This study deals with the inflow of warm and saline Atlantic water to the Nordic Seas, an important factor for climate, ecology and biological production in Northern Europe. The investigations are carried out along the Svinoy standard hydrographic section, which cuts through the Atlantic inflow to the Norwegian Sea just to the north of the Faroe-Shetland Channel. In the Svinoy section, we consider the Atlantic inflow as water with salinity above 35.0, corresponding to temperatures above 5 degreesC. Current measurements for the period April 1995 to February 1999, positioned on the continental slope in water depths between 490 and 990 m, are combined with VM-ADCP, SeaSoar-CTD and CTD transects to estimate long-term transports and spatial features of the Atlantic inflow. A well-defined two-branched Norwegian Atlantic Current was revealed with an eastern and a western branch. The eastern branch appears as a narrow, topographically trapped. near barotropic, 30-50 km wide current, with a maximum speed of 117 cm/s. The western branch is also about 30-50 km wide. and appears as an unstable frontal jet about 400 m deep with a maximum speed of 87 cm/s. Between these two prominent branches, the observations show an average eddy field with a recirculation to the southwest. Transport estimates from the current records in the eastern branch show an annual mean inflow of 4.2 Sv (1 Sv = 10(6) m(3)/s) with variation on a 25 h time scale ranging from - 2.2 to 11.8 Sv, and between 2.0 and 8.0 Sv on a monthly time scale. The current record in the core of the eastern branch mirrors the estimated transport on a monthly time scale with a correlation coefficient of 0.86. Except fur the year 1995-1996, this nearly four-year current record show-a evidence of a systematic annual cycle with summer to winter variations in the proportion of 1 to 2.. Comparison between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the current record on a three-month time scale shows a strong connection for most of the period. This reflects the strong coupling between the westerly winds and the inflow. The baroclinic transport west of the eastern branch, including the frontal jet, is inferred from hydrography in combination with VM-ADCP transects, and has a total mean of 3.4 Sv. Thus, investigations to date indicate a yearly mean Atlantic inflow of 7.6 Sv in the Svinoy section. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.