Journal
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Volume 259, Issue 1, Pages 109-119Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00227-1
Keywords
ammonia; Litopenaeus vannamei; salinity; toxicity
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Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (total length 22 +/- 2.4 mm) wen exposed to different concentrations of ammonia-N (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), using the static renewal method at different salinity levels of 15 parts per thousand, 25 parts per thousand and 35 parts per thousand at pH 8.05 and 23 degreesC. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC50 values of ammonia-N on L. vannamei juveniles were 59.72, 40.58, 32.15, 24.34 mg l(-1) at 15 parts per thousand: 66.38, 48.83, 43.17, 35.4 mg l(-1) at 25 parts per thousand; 68.75, 53.84, 44.93, 39.54 mg l(-1) at 35 parts per thousand, respectively. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC50 values of NH3-N (un-ionized ammonia as nitrogen) wen 2.95, 2.00, 1.59, 1.20 mg l(-1) at 15 parts per thousand; 2.93, 2.16, 1.91, 1.57 mg l(-1) at 25 parts per thousand; 2.78, 2.18, 1.82, 1.60 mg l(-1) at 35 parts per thousand, respectively. As the salinity decreased from 35 parts per thousand to 15 parts per thousand, susceptibility of ammonia-N increased by 115%, 132%, 140% and 162% after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, respectively. The safety level for rearing L. vannamei juveniles was estimated to be 2.44, 3.55, 3.95 mg l(-1) for ammonia-N and 0.12, 0.16, 0.16 mg l(-1) for NH3-N in 15 parts per thousand, 25 parts per thousand and 35 parts per thousand, respectively. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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