Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and procyanidins inhibit cyclo-oxygenase activity and attenuate NF-κB activation through a p105/p50 regulatory mechanism in macrophage inflammation

The inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Along these lines, the modulation of inflammation by consuming bioactive food compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids or procyanidins, is a powerful tool to promote good health. In the present study, the administration of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and B-1, B-2 and C-1 procyanidins, alone or in combination, prevented the inflammatory response induced by the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) endotoxin in human macrophages and brought them to the homoeostatic state. DHA and B-1 were strong and selective negative regulators of cyclo-oxygenase 1 activity, with IC50 values of 13.5 mu M and 8.0 mu M respectively. Additionally, B-2 and C-1 were selective inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cyclo-oxygenase 2 activity, with IC50 values of 9.7 mu M and 3.3 mu M respectively. Moreover, DHA and procyanidins prevented the activation of the NF-kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B) cascade at both early and late stages with shared mechanisms. These included inhibiting I kappa B alpha (inhibitor of I kappa B alpha) phosphorylation, inducing the cytoplasmic retention of pro-inflammatory NF-kappa B proteins through p105 (NF-kappa B1) overexpression, favouring the nuclear translocation of the p50-p50 transcriptional repressor homodimer instead of the p50-p65 pro-inflammatory heterodimer, inhibiting binding of NF-kappa B DNA to kappa B sites and, finally, decreasing the release of NF-kappa B-regulated cytokines and prostaglandins. In conclusion, DHA and procyanidins are strong and selective inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase activity and NF-kappa B activation through a p105/p50-dependent regulatory mechanism.