Saturated non-esterified fatty acids stimulate de novo diacylglycerol synthesis and protein kinase c activity in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells

Aims/hypothesis. Insulin resistance is linked with a cluster of multiple risk factors and excessive acceleration of atherosclerosis. The underlying mechanism is not? however, fully understood. Methods. To determine the link between insulin resistance and altered vascular function, we focused on the effect of various non-esterified fatty acids on diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Results. Incubation of the cells with saturated non-esterified fatty acids (200 mu mol/l) for 24 h such as palmitate or stearate, induced a significant increase in diacylglycerol concentrations by about fivefold or eightfold, respectively? whereas oleate induced a slight increase in diacylglycerol concentrations by 1.8-fold and arachidonate induced none. In addition, the increased diacylglycerol concentrations induced by palmitate were completely restored to control concentrations by triacsin C acyl-CoA synthetase inhibitor. These results suggest that saturated non-esterified fatty acids may increase diacylglycerol concentrations through de novo pathway by stepwise acylation. In parallel with the increased diacylglycerol, incubation of the cells with saturated non-esterified fatty acids significantly induced the activation of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase. The palmitate-induced increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity was restored to control concentrations by GF109203X (5.10-7 mol/l), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, suggesting a protein kinase C-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Conclusion/interpretation. Saturated non-esterified fatty acids induced an increase in de novo diacylglycerol synthesis and subsequent activation of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. This could contribute to the altered vascular functions in the insulin resistant state.