Benchmark study on high performing carbon anode materials

Four state-of-the-art carbon graphite morphologies, beads, fibers, flakes and potatoes have been benchmarked with respect to materials properties and electrochemical performance. All four anode materials exhibit various degree of graphitization and performance. Fibers have a higher degree of turbostatic structure. Flakes consist of a binary phase mix. Potatoes and beads have reached an intermediate degree of crystallinity. Although graphite flakes still show the highest performance in early cycles, new materials challenge not only in-cell capacity, but also rate capability and cyclability. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.