Class I β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase are expressed in the micropylar endosperm of tomato seeds prior to radicle emergence

beta -1,3-Glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) and chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) mRNAs, proteins, and enzyme activities were expressed specifically in the micropylar tissues of imbibed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds prior to radicle emergence. RNA hybridization and immunoblotting demonstrated that both enzymes were class I basic isoforms. beta -1,3-Glucanase was expressed exclusively in the endosperm cap tissue, whereas chitinase localized to both endosperm cap and radicle tip tissues. beta -1,S-Glucanase and chitinase appeared in the micropylar tissues of gibberellin-deficient gib-1 tomato seeds only when supplied with gibberellin. Accumulation of beta -1,3-glucanase mRNA, protein and enzyme activity was reduced by 100 muM abscisic acid, which delayed or prevented radicle emergence but not endosperm cap weakening. In contrast, expression of chitinase mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity was not affected by abscisic acid. Neither of these enzymes significantly hydrolyzed isolated tomato endosperm cap cell walls. Although both beta -1,3-glucanase and chitinase were expressed in tomato endosperm cap tissue prior to radicle emergence, we found no evidence that they were directly involved in cell wall modification or tissue weakening. Possible functions of these hydrolases during tomato seed germination are discussed.