Cardioprotective effect afforded by transient exposure to phosphodiesterase III inhibitors - The role of protein kinase A and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase

Background-Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors (PDEIII-Is) improve the hemodynamic status of heart failure via inotropic/vasodilatory effects attributable to the increase in intracellular cAMP level. Direct cardioprotection by PDEIII-Is and its underlying mechanisms, however, have not been identified. We tested the infarct size-limiting effect of PDEIII-Is and the roles of cAMP, protein kinase (PK) A, PKC, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) families in open-chest dogs. Methods and Results-Milrinone, olprinone (PDEIII-Is), or dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) was injected intravenously 30 minutes before 90-minute ischemia, followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. Olprinone was also examined with an intracoronary cotreatment with a PKA inhibitor (H89), a PKC inhibitor (GF109203X), an extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059), or a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) throughout the preischemic period. Either PDEIII-Is or db-cAMP caused substantial hemodynamic changes, which returned to control levels in 30 minutes. Collateral flow and percent risk area were identical for all groups. Both PDEIII-Is and db-cAMP increased myocardial p38 MAPK activity during the preischemic period, which was blocked by H89, but not by GF109203X. Both PDEIII-Is and db-cAMP reduced infarct size (19.1 +/-4.1%, 17.5 +/-3.3%, and 20.3 +/-4.8%, respectively, versus 36.1 +/-6.2% control, P <0.05 each). Furthermore, the effect of olprinone was blunted by either H89 (35.5 +/-6.4%) or SB203580 (32.6 +/-5.9%), but not by GF109203X or PD98059. H89, GF109203X, PD98059, or SB203580 alone did not influence infarct size. Conclusions-Pretreatment with PDEIII-Is has cardioprotective effects via cAMP-, PKA-, and p38 MAPK-dependent but PKC-independent mechanisms in canine hearts.