A complex, young subduction zone imaged by three-dimensional seismic velocity, Fiordland, New Zealand

The Fiordland subduction zone, where subduction developed in the late Miocene, has been imaged with P and S-P arrival-time data from 311 earthquakes in a simultaneous inversion for hypocentres and 3-D V-P and V-P/V-S models. The three-month microearthquake survey, recorded with 24 portable seismographs, provides excellent coverage, and, since earthquakes to depths of 130 km are included, parts of the model are well-resolved to depths of 100 km. The crustal features are generally consistent with geology. The low velocity in the upper 10 km is associated with the Te Anau and Waiau basins. The Western Fiordland Orthogneiss is associated with a prominent feature from nearsurface to over 40 km depth, which includes the residue from the basaltic source rocks. It is defined by high V-P (7.4 km s(-1) at 15 km depth) and slightly low V-P/V-S, and has distinct boundaries on its southern and eastern margins. Adjacent to the deepest earthquakes, there is high-velocity Pacific mantle below 80 km depth, inferred to be the mantle expression of ongoing shortening since the early Miocene. As the subducting slab moves down and northeast, it is hindered by the high-velocity body and bends to near-vertical. Bending is accommodated by distributed fracturing evidenced by high V-P/V-S and persistent deep earthquake activity. Buckling of the subducted plate pushes up the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss. In the transition to the Alpine fault in northern Fiordland, a prominent low-velocity crustal root is consistent with ductile thickening in combination with downwarp of the subducted plate.