An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research

Background: The number of nurse scientists pursuing crosscultural research using quantitative designs is increasing. Preparation of instruments that are conceptually and functionally appropriate in the language of the participants is a complex process that needs examination. Objectives: Brislin's classic model for translation and validation of instruments for cross-cultural research is critiqued. Adaptations and extensions of that model are recommended. Methods: Brislin's model guided tool preparation in a crosscultural investigation. The process is described and lessons learned are outlined and discussed. Conclusions: Steps toward a more efficient and valid approach to the preparation of instruments are suggested.