Whatever happened to the Jock, the brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways linked to adolescent activity involvement and social identity

This study examined young adult sequelae of participation in high school activities and identity group for 900 participants from the Michigan Study of Life Transitions. Participation at Grade 10 in high school activities predicted later substance use, psychological adjustment, and educational and occupational outcomes. Prosocial activity participation predicted lower substance use and higher self-esteem and an increased likelihood of college graduation. Performing arts participation predicted more years of education as well as increases in drinking between ages 18 and 21 and higher rates of suicide attempts and psychologist visits by the age of 24. Sports participation predicted positive educational and occupational outcomes and lower levels of social isolation but also higher rates of drinking. Breakfast Club identity categories were predictive of both levels and longitudinal patterns in substance use, education and work outcomes, and psychological adjustment. In general, Jocks and Brains showed the most positive adjustment and Criminals the least.