Previous experiences shape adaptive mate preferences

Existing models of mate choice assume that individuals have perfect knowledge of their own ability to attract a mate and can adjust their preferences accordingly. However, real animals will typically be uncertain of their own attractiveness. A potentially useful source of information on this is the feedback from previous encounters with potential mates. Here, we develop a dynamic model of mutual mate choice in which both males and females are initially ignorant of their own attractiveness. Individuals sequentially sample potential mates and retain some information about the outcome of these encounters (e.g., the number of times they are accepted or rejected). We use a simplified process of mutation and selection to evolve an adaptive strategy for mate choice under these conditions. The stable strategy we find is the one in which individuals are sensitive to this previous experience, adjusting their mate preferences according to the interest received from members of the opposite sex. In general, experiences of rejection tend to reduce choosiness, whereas experiences of acceptance tend to increase it. Sensitivity to previous experiences allows individuals to exercise a prudent mate-choice strategy in which their preferences are gradually tuned to their prospects on the mating market. This flexibility is based on simple rules and does not require sophisticated cognitive abilities. Our basic predictions can be tested in systems where both males and females are choosy, and it is possible to manipulate the level of interest shown by potential mates.