The loss of cytoplasmic potassium upon host cell breakdown triggers egress of Toxoplasma gondii

The ability of intracellular parasites to monitor the viability of their host cells is essential for their survival. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii actively invades nucleated animal cells and replicates in their cytoplasm. Two to 3 days after infection, the parasite-filled host cell breaks down and the parasites leave to initiate infection of a new cell. Parasite egress from the host cell is triggered by rupture of the host plasma membrane and the ensuing reduction in the concentration of cytoplasmic potassium. The many other changes in host cell composition do not appear be used as triggers. The reduction in the host cell [K+] appears to activate a phospholipase C activity in Toxoplasma that, in turn, causes an increase in cytoplasmic [Ca2+] in the parasite. The latter appears to be necessary and sufficient for inducing egress, as buffering of cytoplasmic Ca2+ blocks egress and calcium ionophores circumvent the need for a reduction of host cell [K+] and parasite phospholipase C activation. The increase in [Ca2+]c brings about egress by the activation of at least two signaling pathways: the protein kinase TgCDPK1 and the calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin.